Banking Overview

Banking Overview

The major participants of the Indian financial system are the commercial banks, the financial institutions (FIs), encompassing term-lending institutions, investment institutions, specialized financial institutions and the state-level development banks, Non-Bank Financial Companies (NBFCs) and other market intermediaries such as the stock brokers and money-lenders. The commercial banks and certain variants of NBFCs are among the oldest of the market participants. The FIs, on the other hand, are relatively new entities in the financial market place.

Historical perspective
Bank of Hindustan, set up in 1870, was the earliest Indian Bank . Banking in India on modern lines started with the establishment of three presidency banks under Presidency Bank's act 1876 i.e. Bank of Calcutta, Bank of Bombay and Bank of Madras. In 1921, all presidency banks were amalgamated to form the Imperial Bank of India. Imperial bank carried out limited central banking functions also prior to establishment of RBI. It engaged in all types of commercial banking business except dealing in foreign exchange.

Resrve Bank of India Act was passed in 1934 & Reserve Bank of India (RBI) was constituted as an apex bank without major government ownership. Banking Regulations Act was passed in 1949. This regulation brought Reserve Bank of India under government control. Under the act, RBI got wide ranging powers for supervision & control of banks. The Act also vested licensing powers & the authority to conduct inspections in RBI.

In 1955, RBI acquired control of the Imperial Bank of India, which was renamed as State Bank of India. In 1959, SBI took over control of eight private banks floated in the erstwhile princely states, making them as its 100% subsidiaries.

RBI was empowered in 1960, to force compulsory merger of weak banks with the strong ones. The total number of banks was thus reduced from 566 in 1951 to 85 in 1969. In July 1969, government nationalised 14 banks having deposits of Rs.50 crores & above. In 1980, government acquired 6 more banks with deposits of more than Rs.200 crores. Nationalisation of banks was to make them play the role of catalytic agents for economic growth. The Narsimham Committee report suggested wide ranging reforms for the banking sector in 1992 to introduce internationally accepted banking practices.

The amendment of Banking Regulation Act in 1993 saw the entry of new private sector banks.

Banking Segment in India functions under the umbrella of Reserve Bank of India - the regulatory, central bank. This segment broadly consists of:
  1. Commercial Banks
  2. Co-operative Banks

1. Commercial Banks
The commercial banking structure in India consists of:

  • Scheduled Commercial Banks
  • Unscheduled Banks

Scheduled commercial Banks constitute those banks which have been included in the Second Schedule of Reserve Bank of India(RBI) Act, 1934.

RBI in turn includes only those banks in this schedule which satisfy the criteria laid down vide section 42 (60 of the Act. Some co-operative banks are scheduled commercial banks albeit not all co-operative banks are. Being a part of the second schedule confers some benefits to the bank in terms of access to accomodation by RBI during the times of liquidity constraints. At the same time, however, this status also subjects the bank certain conditions and obligation towards the reserve regulations of RBI.

For the purpose of assessment of performance of banks, the Reserve Bank of India categorise them as public sector banks, old private sector banks, new private sector banks and foreign banks.

This sub sector can broadly be classified into:

  1. Public sector
  2. Private sector
  3. Foreign banks

Public sector banks have either the Government of India or Reserve Bank of India as the majority shareholder.

2. Co-operative Banks
There are two main categories of the co-operative banks.

  • (a) short term lending oriented co-operative Banks - within this category there are three sub categories of banks viz state co-operative banks, District co-operative banks and Primary Agricultural co-operative societies.
  • (b) long term lending oriented co-operative Banks - within the second category there are land development banks at three levels state level, district level and village level.

The co-operative banking structure in India is divided into following main 5 categories :

  1. Primary Urban Co-op Banks
  2. Primary Agricultural Credit Societies
  3. District Central Co-op Banks
  4. State Co-operative Banks
  5. Land Development Banks

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